Home  ›  Do You Increase Nipple Flow for Breastfed Babies

Do You Increase Nipple Flow for Breastfed Babies

Written By Wednesday, March 9, 2022 Add Comment Edit

Medical condition

Breastfeeding difficulties
Nipple shield3.jpg
Infant nurses through nipple shield, a device which can assist with certain breastfeeding difficulties.
Specialty Obstetrics, pediatrics, midwifery Edit this on Wikidata

Breastfeeding difficulties refers to problems that arise from breastfeeding, the feeding of an baby or immature child with milk from a adult female'southward breasts. Although babies have a sucking reflex that enables them to suck and eat milk, and homo chest milk is usually the best source of nourishment for human infants,[1] at that place are circumstances nether which breastfeeding tin be problematic, or even in rare instances, contraindicated.

Difficulties can ascend both in connection with the act of breastfeeding and with the health of the nursing baby.

Breastfeeding bug [edit]

While breastfeeding difficulties are not uncommon, putting the infant to the chest as shortly as possible after birth helps to avoid many problems. The policy of the American Academy of Pediatrics on breastfeeding instructs to, "delay weighing, measuring, bathing, needle-sticks, and eye prophylaxis until afterwards the beginning feeding is completed."[2] Many breastfeeding difficulties can be resolved with enquiry based hospital procedures, properly trained nurses and infirmary staff, speech pathologists and lactation consultants.[3] Some other source of information is the volunteer-based breastfeeding promotion organization, La Leche League.

A multifariousness of factors and conditions tin interfere with successful breastfeeding:

  • Ankyloglossia (tongue tie)[iv] [5]
  • Formula feeding
  • Distractions or interruptions during feeds
  • Long separations from the mother
  • Tachypnea (rapid breathing) such equally in transient tachypnea of the newborn, surfactant deficiency, respiratory distress syndrome or other infant medical weather
  • Presence of an actual physical barrier between mother and baby
  • Swallowing difficulties such as with prematurity and coordination of sucking, swallowing and animate, or gastro-intestinal tract abnormalities like tracheo-oesophageal fistula.
  • Hurting resulting from surgical procedures like circumcision, blood tests, or vaccinations.[half dozen] [ failed verification ]
  • Latching onto the breast[seven]
  • Hypoplastic breasts/insufficient glandular tissue
  • Galactorrhea
  • Lactation failure
  • Polycystic ovarian syndrome
  • Diabetes
  • Maternal stress[8]
  • Insufficient remainder/back up of the mother during the first 6 weeks mail-partum
  • Early return to piece of work due to lack of financial support/maternity leave of mother[9]
  • Cleft palate[vii]
  • Thrush[10]
  • Hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia[eleven]
  • Hypotonia, or "low-tone" infant disorder[12]
  • Hyperlactation syndrome[13]
  • Overactive let-downward[14]
  • Premature babies can have difficulties coordinating their sucking reflex with breathing. They may need to be fed more frequently because their stomachs tend to exist smaller, and they may get sleepier during feedings.[15] Premature infants unable to take enough calories past mouth may demand enteral or gavage feeding - inserting a feeding tube into the stomach to provide plenty chest milk or a substitute. This is often done together with Kangaroo care (prolonged skin-to-pare contact with the mother) which makes later breastfeeding easier. For some suckling difficulties, such as may happen with cleft lip/palate, the baby can exist fed with a Haberman Feeder.
  • Dysphoric milk ejection reflex (D-MER) is a newly recognized status affecting lactating women that is characterized past an abrupt dysphoria, or negative emotions that occur just before milk release and continuing not more than a few minutes. Preliminary testing tells us that D-MER is treatable and preliminary enquiry tells us that inappropriate dopamine activeness at the time of the milk ejection reflex is the crusade of D-MER.[16]

Low milk supply [edit]

  • Primary lactation failure: occurs when the mother has a condition incompatible with total milk production, for case breast hypoplasia, breast reduction surgery, or bilateral mastectomy.
  • Secondary lactation failure: milk product that is low due to preventable factors, such equally formula supplementation, poor milk transfer by the baby, or unrelieved breast engorgement.[17]

Breast pain [edit]

Pain often interferes with successful breastfeeding. It is cited as the second well-nigh common cause for the abandonment of sectional breastfeeding afterward perceived low milk supply.[eighteen]

Inverted nipples [edit]

Inverted or retracted nipples sometimes brand zipper to the breast difficult.[19] These mothers need additional support to feed their babies. Treatment is started after the nativity of the baby. The nipple is manually stretched out several times a day. A pump or a plastic syringe is used to describe out the nipple and the infant is then put to the chest.

Engorgement [edit]

Chest engorgement is the sense of chest fullness experienced by virtually women within 36 hours of delivery. Normally, this is a painless sensation of "heaviness". Breastfeeding on demand is the primary way of preventing painful engorgement.

When the chest overfills with milk it becomes painful. Engorgement comes from non getting enough milk from the breast. It happens about 3 to 7 days after delivery and occurs more than often in get-go time mothers. The increased blood supply, the accumulated milk and the swelling all contribute to the painful engorgement.[twenty] Engorgement may bear on the areola, the periphery of the breast or the entire chest, and may interfere with breastfeeding both from the pain and also from the baloney of the normal shape of the areola/nipple. This makes information technology harder for the babe to latch on properly for feeding. Latching may occur over only part of the areola. This can irritate the nipple more, and may atomic number 82 to ineffective drainage of breast milk and more hurting. Engorgement may begin as a result of several factors such as nipple pain, improper feeding technique, exceptional feeding or infant-mother separation.

To preclude or treat engorgement, remove the milk from the breast, by breastfeeding, expressing or pumping. Gentle massage can help start the milk menstruum and so reduce the pressure. The reduced pressure softens the areola, possibly even allowing the infant to feed. Warm water or warm compresses and expressing some milk before feeding tin too help make breastfeeding more effective. Some researchers have suggested that after breastfeeding, mothers should pump and/or employ cold compresses to reduce swelling pain and vascularity even more.[21] One published written report suggested the employ of "chilled cabbage leaves" applied to the breasts. Attempts to reproduce this technique met with mixed results.[22] Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or paracetamol (acetominophen) may save the pain. A warm shower and using common cold compresses to help ease the discomfort.[21]

Nipple hurting [edit]

Sore nipples (nipple pain, or thelalgia) are probably the most common complaint afterward the birth. They are generally reported by the second solar day after delivery but meliorate within v days.[23] Pain across the get-go week, severe pain, cracking, fissures or localized swelling is not normal. The female parent should see a physician for farther evaluation.[21] Sore nipples, a mutual cause of pain, oft come from the baby not latching on properly. Factors include likewise much pressure level on the nipple when not enough of the areola is latched onto and an improper release of suction at the end of the feeding. Improper use of breast pumps or topical remedies can also contribute.[24] Nipple pain can as well be a sign of infection.[25]

Candidiasis [edit]

Symptoms of candidiasis of the chest include pain, itching, burning and redness, or a shiny or white patchy appearance.[26] The baby could have a white tongue that does not wipe make clean. Candidiasis is common and may be associated with babe thrush.

Both mother and baby must exist treated to get rid of this infection.[26] Offset-line therapies include nystatin, ketaconazole or miconazole practical to the nipple and given past mouth to the baby.[26] Strict cleaning of vesture and chest pumps is too required to eradicate the infection.[27]

Another non-prescription treatment of candidia is gentian violet.[26] It normally works, and relief is rapid. Information technology is messy, and will stain clothing. The infant's lips volition plough purple, merely the purple volition disappear afterward a few days.

Milk stasis [edit]

Milk stasis is when a milk duct is blocked and cannot drain properly. This may affect only a part of the breast and is non associated with any infection. Information technology can exist treated by varying the baby's feeding position and applying rut earlier feeding. If information technology happens more than once, further evaluation is needed.

Mastitis [edit]

Mastitis is an inflammation of the breast. It causes local pain (dolor), redness (rubor), swelling (tumor), and warmth (calor). Later stages of mastitis cause symptoms of systemic infection similar fever and nausea. Information technology mostly occurs two–3 weeks subsequently delivery but can happen at any time.[28] Typically results from milk stasis with primary or secondary local, later systemic infection. Infectious organisms include Staphylococcus sp., Streptococcus sp. and E. coli. Connected breastfeeding, enough of remainder and adequate fluid supply is the best treatment for light cases.

Overactive let-downward [edit]

Overactive let-downwardly (OALD) is the forceful ejection of milk from the breast during breastfeeding. The forceful spray of milk tin can cause the baby to consume too much milk too rapidly too as to swallow air during the menstruum of rapid swallowing following the let-downwardly.

Raynaud's of the nipple [edit]

Nipple blanching, or vasospasm of the nipple.

Nipple pain tin can exist caused past vasospasm of the nipple. In essence, blood does not flow properly to the nipple which causes the nipple to flinch. This can exist caused by trauma to the nipple through early on breastfeeding or candidal infection of the nipple. The pain is intense during the latch phase and in between breastfeeding sessions in that location is a throbbing hurting when the nipple is blanched. The nipple tin be massaged to help blood flow return to reduce pain, as well equally avoiding cold. In some instances, middle medication, nifedipine, is used to assist the blood flow return to the nipple.[29]

Infant health problems [edit]

Infants with classic galactosemia cannot digest lactose and therefore cannot benefit from breast milk.[30] Breastfeeding might impairment the baby too if the mother has untreated pulmonary tuberculosis, is taking certain medications that suppress the immune organization.[30] has HIV,[thirty] [31] or uses potentially harmful substances such as cocaine, heroin, and amphetamines.[ii] Other than cases of acute poisoning, no environmental contaminant has been institute to cause more harm to infants than lack of breastfeeding. Although heavy metals such as mercury are dispersed throughout the surround and are of concern to the nursing baby, the neurodevelopmental benefits of human milk tend to override the potential adverse effects of neurotoxicants.[32]

Weak sucking reflex [edit]

Artificial teats (nipples) or dummies (pacifiers) can suppress the sucking reflex in infants. In addition, when a baby is put to the breast for shorter periods of time, milk product decreases. The time spent sucking by the infant on the pacifier or artificial teat reduces the time on the breast.[33] [34] The CDC also currently (2022) reports that early use of pacifiers can have a negative outcome on the success of breastfeeding and they suggest that it should exist delayed until breastfeeding is firmly established.[35]

Manual of infection [edit]

Tuberculosis [edit]

It is not safe for mothers with active, untreated tuberculosis to breastfeed until they are no longer contagious.[2] Co-ordinate to the American Academy of Pediatrics 2006 Redbook:

Women with tuberculosis who take been treated appropriately for 2 or more than weeks and who are not considered contagious may breastfeed. Women with tuberculosis affliction suspected of existence contagious should refrain from breastfeeding or whatever other close contact with the infant because of potential transmission through respiratory tract droplets (see Tuberculosis, p 678). Mycobacterium tuberculosis rarely causes mastitis or a breast abscess, merely if a breast abscess caused by Yard. tuberculosis is present, breastfeeding should be discontinued until the mother no longer is contagious.

In areas where BCG vaccination is the standard of care, the WHO provides treatment recommendations and advises mothers to continue breastfeeding.[36] TBC may be congenital, or perinatally acquired through airborne droplet spread.[37]

HIV [edit]

Enquiry published in the Lancet[38] [39] has highlighted a lower take a chance of HIV manual with exclusive breastfeeding by HIV positive mothers (4% risk), compared to mixed feeding (x-40% take chances). Research on the timing of HIV manual in 2000 revealed that a "substantial transmission occurs early on during breastfeeding," concluding that 75% of all breast milk manual had occurred inside the outset six months during a randomized control trial in Kenya.[40] This research is of detail importance in developing countries where infant formula is not widely available or safe to prepare. In fact, the World Health Organization recommended breastfeeding in 1987 and 1992 for seropositive and seronegative women in areas where malnutrition and infectious diseases are the major cause of infant bloodshed.[41] [42] In 1996 UNAIDS issued a recommendation that women in developing countries consider the risks and benefits of each feeding exercise on an individual level; they recommended women make an informed pick near babe feeding.[43] In the days before the AIDS epidemic was clearly understood, some researchers pointed to the need to increase breastfeeding rates and pointed to the risks of formula feeding, citing increased rates of marasmus and diarrhea.[44] D Jelliffe and E Jelliffe also criticized the marketing of infant formulas by US companies to resource-poor countries, something they termed "comerciogenic malnutrition." A more contempo article from 1992 describes how the health of an baby can be compromised by water, which in many resource-poor countries holds the risk of environmental pathogens that are non present in breastmilk.[45]

Transmission of drugs and toxins [edit]

Medications [edit]

The vast majority of over the counter and prescription medicines are compatible with breastfeeding, but at that place are some that might be passed onto the child through the milk.[46]

Tobacco fume [edit]

If i does continue tobacco smoking afterwards giving birth, nevertheless, it is all the same more than beneficial to breastfeed than to completely avoid this do altogether. There is evidence that breastfeeding offers protection against many infectious diseases, specially diarrhea. Fifty-fifty in babies exposed to the harmful effects of nicotine through chest milk, the likelihood of acute respiratory illness is significantly diminished when compared to infants whose mothers smoked only were formula fed.[47] Regardless, the benefits of breastfeeding outweigh the risks of nicotine exposure.

The principal concern about smoking and breastfeeding is that infants may take smoking-induced reductions to the milk iodine content.[47] Smoking tin adversely bear upon the lactation procedure by decreasing milk production and altering the milk composition. Smoking reduces daily milk output by roughly 250–300 mL. Non only will this be problematic on a daily footing for non producing plenty milk, it will too cause the mother to wean her infant early on.[48] The altered milk composition besides acquired infants to showroom daily behaviors such as colic and crying which can promote early weaning, again something that is not beneficial to the babe.[47]

Likewise, the nicotine obtained from smoking travels through a woman into her chest milk, thus giving nicotine to her child.[49]

Heavy use of cigarettes by the mother (more than twenty per mean solar day) has been shown to reduce the mother'southward milk supply and cause vomiting, diarrhoea, rapid heart rate, and restlessness in breastfed infants. Sudden Infant Expiry Syndrome (SIDS) is more than common in babies exposed to a smoky surroundings.[50] Breastfeeding mothers who smoke are counseled not to do and then during or immediately before feeding their child, and are encouraged to seek advice to help them reduce their nicotine intake or quit.[51]

Other substance abuse [edit]

With respect to alcohol, the American Academy of Pediatrics states that when breastfeeding, "moderation is definitely advised" and recommends waiting for 2 hours after drinking earlier nursing or pumping.[52] A 2014 review found that "even in a theoretical case of binge drinking, the children would not be subjected to clinically relevant amounts of alcohol [through breastmilk]", and would have no adverse furnishings on children as long as drinking is "occasional".[53]

If the female parent consumes too much caffeine, it tin cause irritability, sleeplessness, nervousness and increased feeding in the breastfed infant. Moderate use (one to two cups per twenty-four hour period of java, tea, or cola) ordinarily produces no outcome.[54] Breastfeeding mothers are advised to restrict or avoid caffeine if her infant reacts negatively to it.[55] Cigarette smoking is thought to increase the effects of caffeine in the baby.[56]

Cannabis [edit]

Cannabis is listed by the American Association of Pediatrics equally a compound that transfers into human chest milk. Research demonstrated that certain compounds in marijuana have a very long half-life.[57]

Diet [edit]

An exclusively breastfed baby depends on breast milk completely and then information technology is important for the mother to maintain a healthy lifestyle, and particularly a proficient diet.[58] Consumption of 1500–1800 calories per day could coincide with a weight loss of 450 grams (ane pound) per week.[59] While mothers in famine conditions can produce milk with highly nutritional content, a malnourished mother may produce milk with decreased levels of several micronutrients such equally fe, zinc, and vitamin B12.[32] She may too have a lower supply than well-fed mothers.

In that location are no foods that are absolutely contraindicated during breastfeeding, but a baby may show sensitivity to detail foods that the mother eats.

Workplaces [edit]

Many mothers have to return to piece of work soon afterward their babies have been born. If their employers and boyfriend employees do not support mothers in breastfeeding (for example, providing a private breastfeeding room containing a fridge where mothers can express and safely store breast milk), mothers might stop breastfeeding. This is non platonic for their infants. A Cochrane review assessed the effects of workplace interventions to support and promote breastfeeding amid mothers returning to work after the birth of their babies.[60] The review authors comprehensively searched in 2012 for studies addressing this question just found no eligible studies.

References [edit]

  1. ^ Picciano M (2001). "Nutrient composition of human milk". Pediatr Clin North Am. 48 (i): 53–67. doi:10.1016/S0031-3955(05)70285-6. PMID 11236733.
  2. ^ a b c Gartner LM; et al. (2005). "Breastfeeding and the utilise of human being milk". Pediatrics. 115 (2): 496–506. doi:10.1542/peds.2004-2491. PMID 15687461.
  3. ^ Newman J; Pitman T (2000). Dr. Jack Newman's guide to breastfeeding . HarperCollins Publishers. ISBN978-0-00-638568-iv.
  4. ^ Genna CW (2002). "Tongue-tie and breastfeeding". LEAVEN. 38 (ii): 27–29. Archived from the original on 2017-08-26. Retrieved 2007-08-27 .
  5. ^ Ballard J, Auer C, Khoury J (2002). "Ankyloglossia: cess, incidence, and effect of frenuloplasty on the breastfeeding dyad". Pediatrics. 110 (5): e63. doi:10.1542/peds.110.5.e63. PMID 12415069.
  6. ^ Hagan J Jr; et al. (2001). "The assessment and management of acute pain in infants, children, and adolescents". Pediatrics. 108 (three): 793–97. doi:10.1542/peds.108.3.793. PMID 11533354.
  7. ^ a b "How do I breastfeed?". nichd.nih.gov/ . Retrieved 2020-10-29 .
  8. ^ "Volition stress during pregnancy affect my babe?". nichd.nih.gov/ . Retrieved 2020-10-29 .
  9. ^ "Supporting Nursing Moms at Work". womenshealth.gov. 2018-07-12. Retrieved 2020-10-29 .
  10. ^ Brent N (2001). "Thrush in the breastfeeding dyad: results of a survey on diagnosis and treatment". Clin Pediatr (Phila). twoscore (9): 503–06. doi:x.1177/000992280104000905. PMID 11583049. S2CID 12091215.
  11. ^ Bentley-Lewis, Rhonda; Goldfine, Allison B.; Green, Dina East.; Seely, Ellen Westward. (Nov 2007). "Lactation Later on Normal Pregnancy Is Non Associated With Blood Glucose Fluctuations". Diabetes Intendance. 30 (11): 2792–2793. doi:10.2337/dc07-1243. PMC4428539. PMID 17698611.
  12. ^ Genna CW (2002). "Tactile Defensiveness and Other Sensory Modulation Difficulties". LEAVEN. 37 (3): 51–53. Archived from the original on 2017-08-06. Retrieved 2007-08-27 .
  13. ^ Livingstone V (1996). "Too much of a practiced matter. Maternal and infant hyperlactation syndromes". Canadian Family Physician. 42: 89–99. PMC2146202. PMID 8924818.
  14. ^ Mohrbacher, Nancy; Stock, Julie (2003). The Breastfeeding Reply Book (third ed. (revised) ed.). La Leche League International. ISBN978-0-912500-92-8.
  15. ^ "Breastfeeding a babe with a health problem | womenshealth.gov". womenshealth.gov. February 2017. Retrieved 2018-eleven-07 .
  16. ^ "d-mer.org". d-mer.org. Retrieved 2010-09-ten .
  17. ^ Hurst N (2007). "Recognizing and Treating Delayed or Failed Lactogenesis II". Periodical of Midwifery & Women'southward Health. 52 (half-dozen): 588–594. doi:10.1016/j.jmwh.2007.05.005. PMID 17983996.
  18. ^ Woolridge Thousand (1986). "Aetiology of sore nipples". Midwifery. ii (4): 172–76. doi:x.1016/S0266-6138(86)80042-0. PMID 3643398.
  19. ^ "Challenge: Inverted, flat, or very large nipples". Common breastfeeding challenges. U.S. Department of Health & Human being Services. Role on Women's Health. February 2017. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
  20. ^ Hill P, Humenick S (1994). "The occurrence of chest engorgement". J Hum Lact. 10 (2): 79–86. doi:10.1177/089033449401000212. PMID 7619260. S2CID 25908855.
  21. ^ a b c "Overcoming breastfeeding bug: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia". medlineplus.gov . Retrieved 2020-x-29 .
  22. ^ Nikodem V, Danziger D, Gebka Due north, Gulmezoglu A, Hofmeyr Thousand (1993). "Practise cabbage leaves foreclose chest engorgement? A randomized, controlled study". Birth. 20 (2): 61–64. doi:x.1111/j.1523-536X.1993.tb00418.10. PMID 8240608.
  23. ^ Ziemer Thousand, Paone J, Schupay J, Cole East (1990). "Methods to prevent and manage nipple hurting in breastfeeding women". Due west J Nurs Res. 12 (6): 732–43, discussion 743–44. doi:x.1177/019394599001200603. PMID 2275191. S2CID 9921276.
  24. ^ Cable B, Stewart M, Davis J (1997). "Nipple wound care: a new arroyo to an old problem". J Hum Lact. 13 (4): 313–eighteen. doi:10.1177/089033449701300417. PMID 9429367. S2CID 22804136.
  25. ^ Amir L; Garland Due south; Dennerstein 50; Farish S (1996). "Candida albicans: is it associated with nipple pain in lactating women?". Gynecol Obstet Invest. Karger. 41 (1): 30–34. doi:ten.1159/000292031. PMID 8821881.
  26. ^ a b c d Wiener, Sharon (March–April 2006). "Diagnosis and management of Candida of the nipple and breast". Journal of Midwifery & Women's Wellness. 51 (ii): 125–28. doi:10.1016/j.jmwh.2005.eleven.001. PMID 16504910.
  27. ^ Tanguay K, McBean 1000, Jain Eastward (1994). "Nipple candidiasis amongst breastfeeding mothers. Case-control study of predisposing factors". Tin can Fam Physician. 40: 1407–13. PMC2380126. PMID 8081120.
  28. ^ Evans G, Heads J (1999). "Incidence of mastitis in breastfeeding women during the half dozen months after delivery: a prospective accomplice study". Med J Aust. 170 (4): 192. doi:x.5694/j.1326-5377.1999.tb127735.x. PMID 10078195. S2CID 31019946.
  29. ^ Kernerman, Edith. "Vasospasm and Raynaud's Miracle". Eye for Breastfeeding Education. Archived from the original on 2012-03-18. Retrieved 2012-10-18 .
  30. ^ a b c "When should a mother avoid breastfeeding?". Centers for Disease Command and Prevention. 2006-08-26. Retrieved 2007-03-04 .
  31. ^ "HIV and Infant Feeding". Unicef. Retrieved 2006-08-nineteen .
  32. ^ a b Mead MN (2008). "Contaminants in human being milk: weighing the risks against the benefits of breastfeeding". Environ Health Perspect. 116 (ten): A426–34. doi:10.1289/ehp.116-a426. PMC2569122. PMID 18941560. Archived from the original on 2008-11-06. Retrieved 2008-x-23 .
  33. ^ Marmet C; Shell E; Aldana South (2000). "Assessing baby suck dysfunction: example management". Journal of Human Lactation. sixteen (4): 332–36. doi:10.1177/089033440001600409. PMID 11188682.
  34. ^ Jaafar, Sharifah Halimah; Ho, Jacqueline J; Jahanfar, Shayesteh; Angolkar, Mubashir; Jaafar, Sharifah Halimah (2016). "Result of restricted pacifier use in breastfeeding term infants for increasing duration of breastfeeding". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (8): CD007202. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007202.pub4. PMID 27572944.
  35. ^ "Infant Prophylactic in Maternity Intendance Practices that Support Breastfeeding in U.s.a. Nativity Facilities". CDC . Retrieved January 14, 2022.
  36. ^ The WHO Archived November 7, 2006, at the Wayback Machine on Breastfeeding and maternal tuberculosis; acquired 2006-08-xix
  37. ^ Nemir R, O'Hare D (1985). "Congenital tuberculosis. Review and diagnostic guidelines". Am J Dis Kid. 139 (3): 284–87. doi:10.1001/archpedi.1985.02140050078028. PMC5209150. PMID 3976610.
  38. ^ Coovadia, HM; Rollins, NC; Bland, RM; Piffling, K; Coutsoudis, A; Bennish, ML; Newell, K (2007). "Mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 infection during sectional breastfeeding in the first 6 months of life: an intervention accomplice written report". The Lancet. 369 (9567): 1107–16. doi:x.1016/S0140-6736(07)60283-9. PMID 17398310. S2CID 6183061.
  39. ^ Breastfeeding alone cuts HIV adventure
  40. ^ Nduati R; et al. (2000). "Issue of Breastfeeding and Formula Feeding on Manual of HIV-1, A Randomized Clinical Trial". Journal of the American Medical Clan. 283 (9): 1167–74. doi:10.1001/jama.283.9.1167. PMID 10703779.
  41. ^ World Health Organization. Statement from the Consultation on Breast-feeding/Breast Milk and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Geneva, Switzerland: WHO; 1987.
  42. ^ Global Programme on AIDS. Consensus statement from the WHO/UNICEF consultation on HIV transmission and chest-feeding. Weekly Epidemiol Rec. 1992; 67:177–179.
  43. ^ Joint United nations Programme on HIV/AIDS. HIV and infant feeding. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 1996; 71:289–291.
  44. ^ Jelliffe, D, Jelliffe, E Feeding Young Infants in Developing Countries: Comments on the Current Situation and Futurity Needs. Studies in Family Planning (1978). Vol 9, No. 8: 227–229
  45. ^ Dettwyler K; Fishman C (1992). "Infant Feeding Practices and Growth". Annual Review of Anthropology. 21: 171–204. doi:10.1146/annurev.an.21.100192.001131.
  46. ^ American Academy of Pediatrics Commission on Drugs (2001). "The Transfer of Drugs and Other Chemicals Into Human Milk". Pediatrics. 108 (3): 776–789. doi:10.1542/peds.108.iii.776. PMID 11533352.
  47. ^ a b c Mennella JA; et al. (2007). "Breastfeeding and Smoking: Curt-term Effects on Babe Feeding and Sleep". Pediatrics. 120 (3): 497–502. doi:10.1542/peds.2007-0488. PMC2277470. PMID 17766521.
  48. ^ Najdawi, F and Faouri, Yard 1999. Maternal smoking and breastfeeding. Eastern Mediterranean Health Periodical. v(3): 450-456
  49. ^ The U.S. Surgeon General'southward Report Archived 2011-08-06 at the Wayback Machine (Chapter 5; pp. 180–194).
  50. ^ Gunn A, Gunn T, Mitchell Due east (2000). "CLINICAL REVIEW Commodity: Is changing the sleep environment plenty? Current recommendations for SIDS". Slumber Med Rev. 4 (5): 453–69. doi:ten.1053/smrv.2000.0119. PMID 17210277.
  51. ^ Villamunga, Dana (2004). "Smoking and Breastfeeding". LEAVEN. 40 (iv): 75–78. Archived from the original on 2018-01-27. Retrieved 2007-08-27 .
  52. ^ American Academy of Pediatrics. "Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders Toolkit Frequently Asked Questions". Retrieved 15 Nov 2017.
  53. ^ Haastrup MB, Pottegård A, Damkier P (February 2014). "Alcohol and breastfeeding". Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology. 114 (2): 168–73. doi:10.1111/bcpt.12149. PMID 24118767.
  54. ^ Function of Women'south Health., U.Southward. Section of Health and Human Services. "Your Guide to Breastfeeding" (PDF). womenshealth.gov. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 17, 2020. Retrieved November 7, 2018.
  55. ^ "Things to Avoid When Breastfeeding". HealthyChildren.org . Retrieved 2018-11-07 .
  56. ^ Lawrence, Ruth A; Lawrence, Robert M (1999). Breastfeeding: A Guide for the Medical Profession (5th ed.). C.Five. Mosby. p. 369. ISBN978-0-8151-2615-7.
  57. ^ American Association of Pediatrics Archived September 27, 2007, at the Wayback Machine on cannabis (encounter table two); caused 2006-08-19
  58. ^ Tamborlane, et al. The Yale Guide to Children's Nutrition. Yale Academy Press. 1997. p. 33
  59. ^ "How can I lose weight safely while breastfeeding?". La Leche League International. 2006-08-29. Archived from the original on 2007-02-20. Retrieved 2007-02-12 .
  60. ^ Abdulwadud, OA; Snow, ME (17 October 2012). "Interventions in the workplace to support breastfeeding for women in employment". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 10: CD006177. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006177.pub3. PMC7388861. PMID 23076920.

External links [edit]

backmigniver.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breastfeeding_difficulties

0 Response to "Do You Increase Nipple Flow for Breastfed Babies"

Post a Comment

Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)

Iklan Atas Artikel

Iklan Tengah Artikel 1

Iklan Tengah Artikel 2

Iklan Bawah Artikel